Welcome to Orig Acdemy of Engineers

In todays era, there is no such well defined boundary for students of different genders to be classified into different academic programs. But for the sake of classification, and in many cases there is requirement of classifying the students of different genders to enter into specific programs. One such example can be like that: in police force, there is equal requirement of male and female police staff. Therefore, students coming into policing career, male and female nandidates are trained to cop up with the respective gender based situations.

Other than police force, in all careers, there are equal probability of both male and female candidates that can enter into any programs. Further, medical field, male and female candidates may find specific gender based medical line like gyane and ladies problem based career will suit to female candidate and male can even join the same. But female are preferrable.

However, now third gender is also being given due recognition. And third gender community is getting their due course of respect in all walks of life. Even, in India, there are equal rights given to them for all kind of education and jobs. No gender based disparty is there.

Female candidates are comming in for thje jobs that were supposed to do by male staff only like train driving, bus driving, fighter poilet etc. Therefore, it is very difficult now to classify an academic program for gender based property.

The images in JPEG format are true color images with 24-bit color resolution. A 24-bit color image is the combination of R-, G- and B-colors (8-bits each) ranged from 0 to 255, where 0 being the perfect black and 255 is the complete red, green and blue respectively in each color domain. 8-bits R-, G- and B-color channel value are concatenated to form 24-bit RGB color value in jpeg image format. This can be explained in following way:

From above, it can be observed that there are 256 x 256 x 256 = 2²⁴ = 1,67,77,216 no. of combinations (colors) possible using different R-, G- and B-color channel values. Being 8-bit in each color channel, the final color is 24-bit in color resolution. Table-1 shows the pure colors along with 24-bit hex value using extreme values in each color channel.

Further, more colors can be reproduced using different combinations of color channel values. This can be exercised in color pallete available in any MS office tool (MS Paint).

Figure-1: Example Color Pallete for Pure Red Color

JPEG image may therefore be split into R-, G- and B-color channels in order to view the histogram in individual color channels.

Histogram – is the plot between no. of pixels Vs pixel intensity. For example, in the below given pixel image of 4×4 size, figure 2(b), followings are the statistics:

Where P_i is no. of pixels of color intensity à 0 to 5 here ‘i’, figure 2(a). The Pixel intensity histogram of the same is given in the right end of the above figure-2 (c).

R-, G- and B-Color Histogram

JPEG images are true color images and have 24-bits color resolution. When a JPEG format image is read in MATLAB environment using the command imread(), the image is read in three color channel matrices namely R-, G- and B-color channel. This can be understood in below 3×3 example.

Therefore, each color channel has its own histogram and the true color image can be viewed into different color channels separately, figure-3(a, b, c and d).  The R-, G- and B-color histograms of the same image are also shown in figure 4(a), (b) and (c) respectively.

–         The command imhist() is used in matlab to compute the histogram of an input image. The code given here computes the histogram in different color channels of the image.

–          cat command concatenates the matrix arrays R-, G- and B- color channels along with Blank image to give R-, G- and B-color component image view.

The working code for R-, G- and B- Histogram Extraction using matlab is given in below text box.

Corruption in India has been inherited from one generation to next generation unfortunately. India ranks at 79th position out of 176 countries in the Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International-2016. India is rated as the highest in the list with 69 per cent bribery rate in respect of five of the six common public services; these are schools, hospitals, ID documents, police, and utility services. And on top of the all, in India, the corrupt peoples are smart enough and thereby, intelligently, define the briber money as helping money or facilitation fee (सुविधा शुल्क ). 

And is justified as the money used to facilitate or help the person under trap. In the shadow of this definition, common man has no other option except to enjoy the service offered at this cost. It may be a state of depression for the peoples strong on their ethics; but present government steps should certainly lead them towards light. Mandatory use of digital means in services/transactions wide opens the door for a transparent system to offer public service. 

A common man get entangled himself in the net of corruption (bribing) when there is large no. of regulating restrictions and red tapism on a service to avail. In fact, unnecessary regulating guidelines forces the people to overcome them by bribing and that’s why the bribing takes the form of सुविधा शुल्क. A shift from PEN to CLICK economy is the need of the hour and Internet plays a vital role in this movement.

INTERNET: An Advocate to a Man in OFFICE

It is not always that bribing is done to get the undue favour or for an unethical task. On many occasions, it really serves as the facilitation fee at its best. This can be seen in a RLA office  (Roadways and Licensing Authority), where a service class employee may have to invest his minimum three to four days work leave from office for his vehicle registration, and, even then no guarantee that he will get succeed. Further, a hassle free way is to get the same via agents, eagerly waiting for you outside the office. This is one example. Similar case example can be observed in rural/urban development authority offices to get issued the no-objectioncertificates for a residential property, and many more…

Indeed, the definition as facilitation fee serves very honestly its sole purpose. A common man often come across in such situation in a government controlled procedure/office where for his own right or a right/justified task, one has to offer the facilitation fee to get his work done at the maximum ease and minimum time. But … but … but … these citations should not be used to advocate the bribing as facilitation fee. To curb such situations, DIGITAL GOVERNANCE or E_GOVERNANCE finds a wide road open to play its high potential role. 

In RAMAYANA, Rawana wanted to create a ladder from earth to heaven. However, today, here, a RAM i.e. INTERNET should make a road in the sky (wi-fi connectivity) that may reach to each and every one on earth to make it heaven i.e a road from HEAVEN to HEAVEN. It was a LITERACY MOVEMENT in past where each one was targeted to learn to put his signature instead of THUMB. As of now, a CLICK MOVEMENT is today’s need

where each and every one has to learn to CLICK THE MOUSE.

The INTERNET is a high potential power house and a smart click spark is required to ignite. The role of women has been instrumental in LITERACY MOVEMENT in past. If a mother is literate, the whole family gets literacy. Now women need to move forward from KITCHEN MOUSE TO CLICK MOUSE. Smart people have smart choice. Instead of stepping on lion’s tail (corruption menace), CLICK the mouse.

Government Initiatives

Present Govt. of India under the leadership of shri Narender Modi has aggressively targeted the corruption issue with strong and effective digital steps to enhance the transparency in the system. Demonetisation in Nov. 2016 was the one of the step to extract out the black money being accumulated in few hands. Incentives based digital payments in government procedures surely will bring people forward. Wings can be added to the digital movement to curb corruption, when an offender is penalised, simultaneously a digital user should be awarded by some incentives as well. Further, the government should ensure that the internet connectivity is available to common public at its best economic price. Prime target of digital movement should be to enable maximum common services online. 

Linking of AADHAAR CARD with banks, insurance and driving license etc. is very effective tool in person verification. The bio-metric identifiers of an individual will track the person once he comes on a network kiosk. Aadhaar card should be must to avail social benefits. Govt. of India is already doing a lot for the same and the efforts are appreciable indeed. 

Government has enabled common people to fight corruption by giving them acts like Right to Information Act (RTI). Peoples can get information if a suspected deal is smell out in a particular procedure or service. A lot of party fund is spent during elections. This large party fund is created through cash deposite in party fund. Political parties funding irrespective of any amount, should always be through digital means.

Conclusion:

The corruption menace cannot only always be dealt with anti-corruption rules and punishment  system. The anti-corruption measures are the way that sends a message to the person to keep him away from corrupt practices or to face the consequences. However, prevention is always better than cure. People’s active participation in transparent dealings will surely lead a clean and transparent society with high moral and ethical values. Lion’s one giant step before the corruption will enable to jump several steps towards corruption free society. Honest people via digital incentives should be rewarded while corrupt should be punished. A myth has to be ruled out that the corruption may not be removed entirely.

Chandigarh – the city beautiful is known for its jam free traffic management and cleanliness. The city bears the feather to its cap to be among the hundred smart cities in India. Architect – Le Corbusier, when designed the layout of Chandigarh and proposed to develop such 100 cities in India, that dream now seems to come true in form of 100 smart cities in India. Chandigarh, backed up by its smart residents has all capabilities and infrastructure to adapt the features of a smart city.

Sampark Centres and Internet Connectivity

A city looks good when its roads are clean and in fine condition and with enough space for parking. The city – Chandigarh has all these qualities since its inception in 1947. The cleanliness nature of Chandigarh’s residents and more over backed up by the municipality, should play the very first constructive and inertia removing role towards the mission. The all sector Sampark Centres are the  key elements that share the information and release the load of long ques for utility bill payments and many other services for any sector residents. These Sampark Centres are the vital resource for Chandigarh Administration that should play significant role in developing the Chandigarh as smart city. 

A paperless Sampark Centre and all information and utilities under one umbrella and for all sector residents is a model public office through single window system. A wide area network of fine quality two/four lane roads enables the policing at desktop speed for law and order agencies. The square mesh structure of sectors enables the infrastructure for global wi-fi/internet feasible. The global internet connectivity in city will help in controlling the cyber fraud in quick time. Further,

the online complaint registration and quick redresses of the same could be done.

Transport Facility

The grey area where the smart city project planner has to work a lot is for metro rail transport system. Metro rail transport is the need of the hour as it has capability to cop up with increasing population  transport facility and reducing the load on roads. The smart residents of the smart cities are required  to be convinced to use the public transport at least for daily office as much as possible. Use of bicycles need to be promoted.

Chandigarh is very well connected via road, air and rail links. Recently inaugurated International airport has reduced the gap between smart city features and Chandigarh. The traffic light points, crossings and roads posses sufficient area where the CCTV cameras, sensors, displays and wireless devices could be installed in phased manner to keep 24×7 hours vigil and information broadcasting.

Education & Health Care

Chandigarh is already excelling in the field of education, be it scientific, non-scientific, medical, non-medical or technical or non-technical. The city has academic institutes of repute that caters the advanced educational and career launching needs of youth. The medical facility in form of PGIMER and GMSCH-32 and other medical institutes (Fortis and Max) of large bed capacity and expert medical services fulfil the requirement of the smart city features.

Power and Energy Resources

To harness the non-conventional energy resources, the government agency Punjab Energy and Development Authority (PEDA) is promoting the use of solar energy as solar water heater by providing reasonable subsidy or discount to interested residents. Later on the solar water heating system could be made mandatory for all for the very noble cause.

Uninterrupted power supply is an area where the surrounding states can extend their support to cover the same. The adjoining Himachal Pradesh is surplus in power generation and the demand for uninterrupted power supply could be covered from there.

Tourism

Chandigarh – the city beautiful is rich in tourism resources. Zakir Husain Rose garden, Sukhna Lake and Rock Gardens are the city’s top visited sites by tourists. International Doll’s museum attracts children from all over the country. Sector-17 business and shopping square hosts the latest trends and fashion shops and malls. One can find best match fashion resource to suit its personality. 

PAN Areas where the city may excel as smart city – Harnessing of Solar Power 

– The role of PEDA may be a turning point for the Chandigarh from city beautiful to smart city. When

solar heating system along with at least lighting could be on solar power, the city’s soul could be on its top energy level.

– An smart garbage processing plant of reasonable capacity should lead Chandigarh from clean

Chandigarh to a healthy Chandigarh. Imagine a month that will show no records of Dengue or Malaria case. Then why the people will not come forward to contribute their maximum.

– Maintaining cleanliness is edge with Chandigarh. It is already in good phase and more efforts in this

area will be the shining edge towards smart city.

– Promotion of bicycles for commuting from one place to other will attribute Chandigarh with

environment friendly residents. Cycle tracks are already there in Chandigarh.

The city is in full pace by virtue of its inherited planned architecture and later on maintained by the municipality/administration. Full credit goes to them. Therefore, an initial inertia for smart city project execution is already overcome. The force in terms of efforts and awareness is required to maintain the momentum. The momentum will lead the city beautiful to smart city. The resident societies should be involved intensively to contribute in the mission as responsible and active partner. The ward members should be trained for the mission and to take action accordingly. Many things need to be under taken at grass root level for which the no very formal initiative is required. Only a proper promotion and awareness is required. A sense of responsibility among the residents is to be made air so that each person feel proud in contributing towards  smart city project. Cleanliness is one such activity that can be taken up at any time and by any one. When no one will litter garbage on road, the smart city mission will soon be seem to be realized.

Teaching is a very noble and a responsible profession where you transform a student into a professional that can cop up with the challenges of world. In fact, a teacher is the only key that can embed the good moral values in a student since beginning and create a strong foundation for a better world.

Benefits

A teacher always updates himself to teach new things to their students group. For one hour teaching, a teacher needs to prepare at least two hours. Further, students also repay in terms of respect and help when teacher and student face each other in future, It’s a great and proud moment for a teacher when his student reach top of the world.

Challenges

Challenges are always open to the teacher’s life. Many a times, some students may be from a very harsh category and to transform them into main stream line is the greatest challenge. A teacher need to buck up and moral boosting each time when his students moral falling or in the event of failure.

It is not always to teach how to win. But many a times it is utmost required to know the facts that may defeat you.

E-waste is the equally big problem in dealing with atmospheric pollution today. The gravity can be felt by the fact that In 2018, the volume of e-waste was 130 million tonnes in India alone. The technology updation is so fast that with passage of days, we get new technologically advanced device in our hand over the previous one. 75% of the old gadgets are stored in home. But by time, one need to dump the same. In that scenario, the discarded device become e-waste. There is no other option left with the consumer to discard the old device when a new updated device is there in the market. So e-waste is getting piled up day by day.

The discarded or outdated devices/gadgets may be donated for non-profit to needy one or educational centres for training and learning purposes. And in the last to the e-waste recycling centres. In metro cities, e-waste collection centres that collect and recycle the same in managed and environmental friendly way. The e-waste is required to be used in some other form so as to destroy it. As e-waste is in the form of assembled PCB, LCDs, monitors primarily. And it needs to be crushed before recycle in some other jobs. Roads construction is one area where powdered e-waste can be reused. But again, the crushed e-waste is in powder form and only can be used in some cementing or construction or as scrap filling in construction industries.

Project Planning is the most important step for a success project execution. Following steps should be followed for a good project panning:

• –          Literature study related to Project work
• –          Thorough study and understanding of the project objectives and tasks
• –          A well defined problem formulation
• –          Dividing project tasks into sub parts
• –          Time line scheduling to each sub part
• –          Testing time line and test cases development
• –          Final Execution
• –          Packaging of Project
• –          Delivery

Once a project is conceptualized, its execution/implementation strategy should start in mind and informal plans should be taking place in mind. Once the project is decided or confirmed, all informal plans should come on paper and prepared in a well defined manner so as to present in front of board meeting or project executives.

Pl. note that a well planned project will take less time than a unplanned project execution. An unplanned project execution may take less time at start but later on, it sinks and creates chaos. Therefore, understand the project/problem first, then plan and do till the task is not over. Once the problem is understood thoroughly, half the work is over. And you get many ideas to solve it. Also do not hesitate in dedicating much time on project understanding and problem understanding. Let it take time. It will be in the better interest of the project success.

Data mining models are back bone of data mining and predictive analysis algorithms. Data models may resemble to data tables containing data values. But data mining models more to a table and represents the interpretation of data types and its possible source and way of generation style. The data model is trained using the data statistics and various statistical trends.

From computational data analytics point of view, a data mining model consists of data mining column and algorithm. Data mining columns are the inputs and outputs from the model. Whereas the algorithms govern the data mining columns to generate data. Algorithms are basically OLE DB providers.  For example a neural network is  a data mining model. The neural network is trained using the data to categorised in desired outcomes.

Quality Assurance System in an organization plays an important role in maintaining the quality of products and process cycle so as the keep on sustaining the quality production. QA department not only monitors the quality of product but also helps in production cycle so that the quality products are continued throughout the day. There is no substitute other than the customer satisfaction for a company to lead and remain leader in the market. This motto should be the prime target of a quality assurance system in any organization. This motto can be respected by providing quality products, after sales service and regular customer contact for maintaining the belongingness of the customer with the brand.

Besides customer satisfaction, quality assurance system should focus on certain parameters like “do no harm,” “create zero waste,” “make external costs visible,” and “drive out fear” to pool between management and employees. To support sustainable development, following approaches can be followed:

–          Integration of management systems,

–          Support in implementation of Environmental Management Systems

–          Integration of sustainability in daily work, and

–          Considering stakeholder management and customer feedback. 

Cyber threats are a common threat in today’s internet world. Either it be a business world, social platform or personnel account, each account is vulnerable to be hacked by hackers. Passwords and login IDs are very sensitive information that one needs to be very careful about that.

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are methods that are used to gain access to organizational networks. Therefore, it becomes the organization’s responsibility to secure their data on internet and implement enough fire walls from unethical access and hackers. A team of cyber specialists is required to keep watch on spams that may flow into the system to gain access or delete the important information from the system. Therefore, an expert ans smart cyber security guard in form of team is essential for any organization in today’s information technology world.

Certified ethical hacker (CEH) course is designed for generating ethical hackers that are employed in organization to safeguard the cyber system using the domain knowledge and tools as malicious hacker but under lawful and legal way. CEH has been now become an essential and important for any software engineer and he need to be acquainted with all the possible hacking methods and basic safeguard technology.

The CEH course enforces on latest malware attacks, current hacking tools and future hcking tools. Different case studies are discussed in the course duration so that the ethical hackers are fully trained to cop up with any hacking scenario. CEH is also accredited by the American National Standard Institute within the United States Department of Defense’s information assurance workforce among many other recognitions.